Annex, Image 1. Interactive chart - Agreement (pre-binarization)

Hover over the points for more information. Question: the country must implement strong policies to reduce income inequality between rich and poor. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this sentence? (1 strongly disagrees, 7 strongly agree).


Annex, Image 2. Interactive chart - relationship between averages of social spending, Gini and agreement for the years 2012 to 2018

Hover over the graph to see information about each of the countries. Hold and drag to rotate. You can also zoom in and select specific countries. The size of circles indicates the distance on the Gini axis. The smaller, the further away; i.e lowest inequality. x axis = Agreement; y = Gini; z = Social expenditures (% GDP).


Annex, Table 1. Descriptive statistics

Variable Stats / Values Freqs (% of Valid) Graph Missing
Agreement (original) [numeric]
Mean (sd) : 5.5 (1.7)
min ≤ med ≤ max:
1 ≤ 6 ≤ 7
IQR (CV) : 3 (0.3)
1:4166(4.2%)
2:3265(3.3%)
3:6312(6.3%)
4:11856(11.9%)
5:15852(15.9%)
6:17200(17.3%)
7:40917(41.1%)
 3541 (3.4%)
Agreement (dummy) [numeric]
Min : 0
Mean : 0.7
Max : 1
0:25599(25.7%)
1:73969(74.3%)
 3541 (3.4%)
Men [numeric]
Min : 0
Mean : 0.5
Max : 1
0:52416(50.8%)
1:50678(49.2%)
 15 (0.0%)
Years of age [numeric]
Mean (sd) : 40.2 (16.4)
min ≤ med ≤ max:
15 ≤ 38 ≤ 112
IQR (CV) : 25 (0.4)
 86 distinct values 253 (0.2%)
Color [numeric]
Mean (sd) : 4.3 (1.7)
min ≤ med ≤ max:
1 ≤ 4 ≤ 11
IQR (CV) : 2 (0.4)
 11 distinct values 185 (0.2%)
Years of education [numeric]
Mean (sd) : 9.5 (4.4)
min ≤ med ≤ max:
0 ≤ 10 ≤ 18
IQR (CV) : 6 (0.5)
 19 distinct values 1114 (1.1%)
year [numeric]
Mean (sd) : 1.5 (1.1)
min ≤ med ≤ max:
0 ≤ 1 ≤ 3
IQR (CV) : 2 (0.8)
0:26246(25.5%)
1:25871(25.1%)
2:25978(25.2%)
3:25014(24.3%)
 0 (0.0%)
Right-wing [numeric]
Min : 0
Mean : 0.4
Max : 1
0:51518(58.7%)
1:36194(41.3%)
 15397 (14.9%)
Sympathy for a political party [numeric]
Min : 0
Mean : 0.3
Max : 1
0:72778(71.5%)
1:29029(28.5%)
 1302 (1.3%)
Claims to understand politics [numeric]
Min : 0
Mean : 0.4
Max : 1
0:57600(59.0%)
1:40062(41.0%)
 5447 (5.3%)
Preference for democracy [numeric]
Min : 0
Mean : 0.6
Max : 1
0:36973(37.3%)
1:62084(62.7%)
 4052 (3.9%)
Daily news watching [numeric]
Min : 0
Mean : 0.9
Max : 1
0:13407(13.1%)
1:89056(86.9%)
 646 (0.6%)
Weekly religious attendance [numeric]
Min : 0
Mean : 0.3
Max : 1
0:71445(69.7%)
1:31037(30.3%)
 627 (0.6%)
Gini [numeric]
Mean (sd) : 46.4 (4)
min ≤ med ≤ max:
38.6 ≤ 46.2 ≤ 56.1
IQR (CV) : 5 (0.1)
 44 distinct values 0 (0.0%)
Social spending (%GDP) [numeric]
Mean (sd) : 11.2 (2.9)
min ≤ med ≤ max:
6.9 ≤ 10.9 ≤ 17.7
IQR (CV) : 4.1 (0.3)
 60 distinct values 7168 (7.0%)
Unemployment [numeric]
Mean (sd) : 5.5 (2.5)
min ≤ med ≤ max:
2 ≤ 4.9 ≤ 12.3
IQR (CV) : 3.7 (0.5)
 60 distinct values 0 (0.0%)
Inflation [numeric]
Mean (sd) : 5.8 (8.1)
min ≤ med ≤ max:
-1.4 ≤ 3.7 ≤ 41.1
IQR (CV) : 3.8 (1.4)
 64 distinct values 0 (0.0%)

Generated by summarytools 1.0.0 (R version 4.0.5)
2022-02-23


Annex, Table 2. LAPOP questions and operationalization of variables

Variables Questions Operationalization
Agreement ROS4. The State [country] must implement strong policies to reduce income inequality between rich and poor. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this sentence? (1 strongly disagree, 7 strongly agree) Dummy. > 4 = 1.
Right-wing L1. On this card there is a scale, from 1 to 10, in which the number 1 means “left” and 10 means “right”. Nowadays, when you talk about political trends, you´re talking about people who sympathize more with the left and people who sympathize more with the right. According to the political meaning that the terms “left” and “right” have for you, where are you on this scale? Dummy. > 5 = 1.
Sympathy for a political party VB10. Currently, do you sympathize with any political party? Dummy. Yes = 1.
Claims to understand politics EFF2. You feel that you understand the most important political issues in the country. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this sentence? (1 strongly disagree, 7 strongly agree) Dummy. > 4 = 1.
Preference for democracy Changing the subject again, democracy has some problems, but it is better than any other form of government. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this sentence? (1 strongly disagree, 7 strongly agree) Dummy. > 4 = 1.
Daily news watching GI0. How often do you pay attention to the news, whether on TV, radio, newspapers or the internet? Dummy. Daily or a few times a week = 1; otherwise = 0.
Weekly religious attendance Please say if you attend these organizations´ meetings at least once a week, once or twice a month, once or twice a year, or never… CP6. Meetings of any religious organization? Dummy. At least once a week = 1; otherwise = 0.
Men Q1. Sex Dummy. Man = 1, Woman = 0.
Years of age Q2. What year were you born?________ year. Year of interview – year of birth.
Color (lighter to darker) COLORR. When you finish the interview, without asking, please use the colored card and mark the number that most closely matches the skin color of the interviewee´s face. 1 = lighter; 11 = darker Discrete quantitative.
Years of education ED. What was the last year of school you finished = __ total. Discrete quantitative.
Income Q10NEW. In which of the following categories does this household`s monthly income fall into, including remittances from abroad and the income of all working adults and children? Ordinal categorical.